Organizational behavior Article critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Organizational behavior Article critique - Essay Example on of organizational behavior, â€Å"as the study of human behavior in organizations; a multidisciplinary field devoted to understanding individual and group behavior, interpersonal processes, and organizational dynamics† (Schermerhorn, Hunt, and Osborn 3) Azman et al underscore the value and merit of studying the influence of relationships in organizations. This essay will critique how the writers developed their methodology, approach, and some of the results of the study. The critique will weigh whether the results presented in the article substantiated their claims adding worth to the continuous growing body of work on human relationships and their affect on organizational behavior. In addition to the article’s composition, grammatical and organizational structure, it readability and comprehensibility will be examined as well. Finally by reviewing the article determining if the information documented was presented in such a way as to increase the understa nding of the complexity of human relationships in organizations. Azman et al started by stating their purpose in writing the article, outlining the objectives of the paper, and discussed their method of approach for the study. They identify three main objectives 1) examine the relationship between transformational leadership and empowerment; 2) examine the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment; and 3) examine the mediating effect of empowerment in the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment (92) . The objective of demonstrating the connection between healthy relationships within an organizational culture and performance remained the focal point throughout the article. The article was written in a way that each section of information built upon the previous with each section returning to the initial purpose. The traditional and non-traditional views of leadership provided the foundation for their initial

Planning and Measuring Performance Essay Example for Free

Planning and Measuring Performance Essay Planning and Measuring Performance Planning and Measuring Performance This paper will discuss Hospital Corporation of America’s (HCA) goals of achieving industry-leading performance in clinical and satisfaction measures and recruiting and employing physicians to meet the need for high quality health services (University of Oregon Investment Group, 2011). This paper will also discuss which tools would be most effective in measuring the organization’s performance against the determined standards. The actual standards that HCA would use to measure the first goal of achieving industry-leading performance in clinical and satisfaction measures are set by The Joint Commission. According to Kicab Casta eda-Mendez (1999), achieving improved clinical performance and satisfaction measures requires performance measures in three areas: * To lead the entire organization in a particular direction. * To manage the resources needed to travel in this direction. * To operate the processes that make the organization work. According to Kicab Casta eda-Mendez (1999), these measures are: * Strategicto drive strategies into action and change the organizational culture. * Diagnosticto evaluate the effectiveness of these actions and the extent of change. * Operationalto improve continuously. The most effective tool to measure these improvements is benchmarking. Benchmarking against the top healthcare companies will determine if HCA is achieving industry-leading performance in clinical and satisfaction measures. Without benchmarking HCA could not determine if the company was leading the industry or if they were at the bottom of organizational ladder. HCA’s goal of hiring physicians to meet the need for high quality health services can be measured by determining the number of physicians need to accommodate the number of patients, determining the specialties/ sub-specialties the physicians are needed in, as well as measuring the retention rate of the physicians. The Balanced Scorecard would best fit this goal. The Balanced Scorecard allows the company to see the projected percentages and the actual percentages of the measurements. It also helps the company see what needs to be changed and gives direction for those changes. HCA can use benchmarking and the Balanced Scorecard to measure the different aspects of their goals. HCA will also be able to see the areas that need improvement and have some guidance into making these changes. With these tools HCA will be able to make an effective go at achieving their goals. References University of Oregon Investment Group (May 6, 2011). Hospital Corporation of America. Retrieved from http://uoinvestmentgroup. org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/HCA. pdf Casta eda-Mendez (1999). Performance Measurement in Healthcare. Retrieved from http://www. qualitydigest. com/may99/html/body_health. html

A formula for parish practice Essays -- Legal Issues, Wengert

Wengert in his â€Å"A formula for parish practice† book, indicated the dispute over the relation between faith and works can be traced back to an attack on the Lutherans by John Eck prior to the Diet of Augsburg 1530 ( 63). Eck claimed that evangelicals ban good works from their teaching and preaching, later this phenomena grid Melanchthon to come up with the 20th article in the Augsburg confession. The reality that the leipzing Interim failed to use the phrase â€Å"faith lone† upset the Bishop of Naumburg , Von Amsdrof lead up to writing a tract against the Leipzing Interim. Later George major came up with Sermon that implies good works are necessary for salvation. George Major writings in favors of the absolute necessity of good work for salvation lead up to the emergence of Majortistic controversy. As Luther predicted what controversies will inevitably arise after his death; many reformers would compromise and sell out to the papacy. Luther prediction turned true and many controversies had arose from within and without, among these is the Majoristic controversy that named after George major who was the chief proponent of the idea that enunciate good work justifies. The Majoristic controversy was in fact started before the death of martin Luther and later intensified ( ). George major was a Lutheran theologian who lived from 1502-1574. He was one of the several theologians who joined Melanchthon in making concession to Rome. There is no way we can measure faith. However, good work can sometime be measured, in physics we can calculate work by multiplying the force applied to certain object by the distance traveled. Faith is not something we produce, reduce, earn or donate; generally we do not have control over faith. It is... ...ng of the Lord’s Supper should not be general but should be specific and personal; each recipient should understand why and how they should receive the true body and blood of Christ. The Lord’s Supper of the moment to proclaim the Word not time we assert announcement or preach to the public. The precious golden words â€Å"This is my body, given for you† and â€Å"This is my blood shed for you for the forgiveness of sins† are not the words to be sprayed to the public but rather to be injected in the system of each individual receive the true body and blood of Jesus Christ in the form proclamation to their soul. The Word â€Å"you† is by no means plural during administration of the Holy Supper it must refer to each receipt. Such specific proclamation â€Å"given for you† and â€Å"shed for you† destroy our heavy burdens and give rest through forgiveness of sins (Matthew 11:28).

Strategic Analysis of Pepsi :: Business Case Studies

The growing demand for more healthy goods has naturally delayed several sectors of the beverages industry. While consumers have turned to bottled water and juices rather than carbonated drinks in the soft drinks market, consumers concern over alcohol consumption has affected demand in the alcoholic drinks sector. This trend has affected the alcohol sector much more than the soft drinks sector with the exception of wine consumption because it is being proved by scientists that it may reduce the risk of heart disease with a moderate consumption. While there are only few new markets to expand into, the market for soft drinks is globally well exploited. There are few factors that suggest trivial forecast for growth. However, demand continues to grow. Before the end of the current decade, the soft drinks market is expected to surpass the alcoholic beverages market, which constantly has shown lower growth than the beverage industry market in general. While product innovation has stimulated some growth within the industry during the 1990s by introducing new plastic bottles, innovation is slowing within the soft drinks industry recently. Since1997, in terms of market value, the global beverages market grew by 1.7% in 2002 to reach a value of $1,060 billion, and an increase of 16.6% in the global beverages market is predicted by the year 2007 to reach a value of $1,236 billion. In terms of market volume, the global beverages market grew by 3.4% in 2002 to reach a volume of 551 billion liters, and an increase of 20.5% is forecasted by 2007 to reach a volume of 664 billion liters. Even though all sectors of the beverage market are generally dominated by big companies, the soft drinks market is quite different in terms of its competitive position. The soft drinks market is dominated by two global giants: Coca-Cola and PepsiCo. Even though innovation and brand extension strategies have played big role in the recent years within the soft drinks sector between major competitors, market leader Coca-Cola is still concentrating its efforts on the traditional carbonated drinks market with respectable success. It is absolutely difficult for new start-up companies to enter the soft drinks market because it requires a huge financial resources as well as logistical infrastructure that need to rely on. The most important asset for all of the top current players continues to be the brand, and this is where Coca Cola really have the edge.

Developed versus Underdeveloped Essay

In offering a response to this article it would be from a sociological perspective that the writer would advance the discussion. As it pertains to the theories of poverty the article simply identifies the faces of imperialism. These faces are mirrored through the economic institutions existent within the social structure. In this sense one can understand how third world countries’ economies are influenced by the world economic order. These countries are impotent in resolving any policy imposed by these super powers. Imperialism has shaped the world’s economic structures through Federal Reserve strategies, the World Bank and IMF put together. What has been offered as explanations for the situation in poor countries is a decorative painting projecting aesthetics of the real situation. The truth is that there will always be poverty in the world regardless of how well relationships between third world and developed countries are enhanced. Poverty was here, precisely, before any institutionalized economic order. It has existed at different levels under much cultural expression through out history. Therefore, to explain poverty in its true sense is to say that it coexists to provide social order. Conclusively, speaking from the sociological paradigm of functionalism, poverty is functional. What has been reflected in the disparity between rich people and poor ones in many countries of the world is the shadow which covers rich countries and poor ones as well. It is popular belief that the economic crisis will improve when there is a re writing of a world economic order which is fair to rich and poor alike. In essence poverty is the face of imperialism which dictates under structured inequality that there must always be economic disparity in the world among countries and people. REFERENCE Make Poverty History. Retrieved 3rd June 2010 http://www. essaywriters. net/sys/orders/view/421995

Starburst Galaxies

Starburst Galaxies The universe is filled with galaxies, which are themselves filled with stars. At some point in its life, each galaxy bristled with star formation in vast clouds of hydrogen gas. Even today, some galaxies seem to have more than the usual amount of star birth activity and astronomers want to know why. There were so many stars being born in some galaxies in earlier times that they probably looked like cosmic fireworks bursts. Astronomers refer to these hotbeds of star birth as starburst galaxies. Key Takeaways: Starburst Galaxies Starburst galaxies are galaxies where high rates of star formation has occurred very quickly.Nearly all types of galaxies can undergo starburst events if conditions are right.Astronomers know that starburst galaxies are often involved in mergers that mingle stars and gas. Shock waves push the gas, which sets off the starburst activity. Starburst galaxies have unusually high  rates of star formation, and those bursts last for a short time during the galaxys long life. Thats because star formation burns through the gas reserves of the galaxy very quickly. It is likely that the sudden burst of star birth is triggered by a specific event. In most cases, a galaxy merger does the trick. Thats when two or more galaxies mesh together in a long gravitational dance and eventually meld together. During the merger, the gases of all the galaxies involved are mixed together. The collision sends shock waves through those gas clouds, which compress the gases and set off bursts of star formation.   Properties of Starburst Galaxies Starburst galaxies are not a  new type of galaxy, but rather simply a galaxy (or mingled galaxies) in a particular phase of their evolution. Even so, there are some properties that show up in most starburst galaxies: a very rapid star formation rate. These galaxies will produce stars at rates well above the average rate of most regular galaxies; availability of gas and dust. Some galaxies may have higher than normal star-formation rates simply due to their high volumes of gas and dust. However, some starburst galaxies do not a have the reserves to justify why they would have such high rates of star formation, so mergers may not be the only explanation;star formation rate is inconsistent with the age of the galaxy. The main point is that the current rate of star formation could not have been constant since the formation of the galaxy given its age. An older galaxy simply wouldnt have enough gas left over to keep up starbirth action for billions of years. In some starburst galaxies astronomers see a sudden burst of star birth, and often the explanation is a merger or chance encounter with another galaxy. Astronomers sometimes also compare the rate of star formation in a galaxy relative to its rotational period. If, for example, the galaxy exhausts all of its available gas during one rotation of the galaxy (given the high star formation rate), then it can be considered a starburst galaxy. The Milky Way rotates once every 220 million years; some galaxies go much slower, others faster. Another widely accepted method to see if a galaxy is a starburst is to compare the star formation rate against the age of the universe. If the current rate would exhaust all of the available gas in less time than 13.7 billion years, then its possible that a given galaxy may be in a starburst state.   Annotated image showing dazzling eyelid-like features bursting with stars in galaxy IC 2163. A tsunami of stars and gas triggered by a glancing collision with galaxy NGC 2207 (a portion of its spiral arm is shown on right side of image). ALMA image of carbon monoxide (orange), which revealed motion of the gas in these features, is shown on top of Hubble image (blue) of the galaxy. M. Kaufman; B. Saxton (NRAO/AUI/NSF); ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO); NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope Types of Starburst Galaxies Starburst activity can occur in galaxies ranging from spirals to irregulars. Astronomers who study these objects classify them into sub-types that help describe their ages and other characteristics. Starburst galaxy types include: Wolf-Rayet galaxies:  defined by their ratio of bright stars that fall into the Wolf-Rayet classification. Galaxies of this type have regions of high stellar wind, driven by the Wolf-Rayet stars. Those stellar monsters are incredibly massive and luminous and have very high rates of mass loss. The winds that they produce can collide with regions of gas and drive rapid star formation.Blue compact galaxies:  low mass galaxies that were once thought to be young galaxies, just beginning to form stars. However, they usually contain populations of very old stars. That usually is a good clue that the galaxy is quite old. Astronomers now suspect that blue compact galaxies are actually the result of mergers between galaxies of varying ages. Once they collide, starburst activity ramps up and lights up the galaxies.Luminous infrared galaxies:  dim, hidden galaxies that are difficult to study because they contain high levels of dust that can obscure observation. Typically infrared radiation   detected by telescopes is used to penetrate the dust. That provides clues to increased star formation. Some of these objects have been found to contain multiple supermassive black holes, which can shut down star formation. The increase in star birth in such galaxies has to be the result of a recent galaxy merger. Cause of Increased Star Formation Although the merger of galaxies is pinpointed as the main cause of star birth in these galaxies, the exact processes are not well understood. Partially, this is due to the fact that starburst galaxies come in many shapes and sizes, so there may be more than one condition that leads to increased star formation. However, for a starburst galaxy to even form, there must be lots of gas available to generate the new stars. Also, something must disturb the gas, to begin the gravitational collapse process that leads to the creation of new objects. Those two requirements led astronomers to suspect galaxy mergers and shock waves as two processes that can lead to starburst galaxies.   Centaurus A galaxy has a massive black hole at its heart that is actively gobbling up material. The actions of such active galactic nuclei may play a role in starbursts in galaxies.   ESO/WFI (Optical); MPIfR/ESO/APEX/A.Weiss et al. (Submillimetre); NASA/CXC/CfA/R.Kraft et al. (X-ray) Two other possibilities for the cause of starburst galaxies include: Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN): Virtually all galaxies contain a supermassive black hole in their core. Some galaxies appear to be in a state of high activity, where the central black hole is ejecting massive amounts of energy.  There is a great deal of evidence to show that the presence of such a black hole can dampen star formation activity. However, in the case of these so-called active  galactic nuclei, they can also, under the right conditions, trigger rapid star formation as the accretion of matter in a disk and its eventual ejection away from the black hole can create shockwaves that could trigger star formation.High supernova rates: Supernovae are violent events. If the rate of explosions increases due to the presence of a very high number of aging stars in a compact area, the resulting shockwaves can begin a rapid increase in star formation. However, this such an event to occur the conditions would have to be ideal; more so than in the other possibilities listed here. A supernova can push clouds of nearby gas around spur limited amounts of starbirth. This supernova is shown in a Hubble Space Telescope view of the Crab Nebula supernova remnant. NASA/ESA/STScI Starburst galaxies remain an active area of investigation by astronomers. The more they find, the better scientists can describe the actual conditions that lead up to the bright bursts of star formation that populate these galaxies.   Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Free Essays on Pros And Cons Of Capitol Punishment

The word "capital" in "capital punishment" refers to a person's head. In the past, people were often executed by severing their head from their body. As of 2000-OCT-19, during the last decade of the 20th century, 547 prisoners were executed in the United States one third of them in Texas. Another 3,500 wait on death rows. None have been executed in Canada; that country abolished the death punishment decades ago. The United States is one of the very few industrialized countries in the world which executes criminals. It is one of the few countries in the world which executes mentally ill persons, persons with very low IQ, and child murderers. When asked whether they prefer to keep or abolish the death penalty, about 60 to 80% of American adults say that they want to retain capital punishment. Numbers vary depending upon the precise wording of the question asked by the pollsters. When asked whether they would like to see executions continue or have them replaced with a system that guaranteed: Life imprisonment with no hope for parole, ever; That the inmate would work in the prison to earn money; That the money would be directed to helping the family of the person(s) that they killed, About 60% of Americans prefer the latter system. The American Civil Liberties Union noted that in the 1960's and 1970's only a bare majority of Americans favored capital punishment. They believe that "mounting fear of crime, and the cynical manipulation of the death penalty issue by many politicians for their own political gain, led to a shift upwards." The death penalty now has broad public support in both the United States and Canada. Surveys in the US and Canada regularly show that a sizable majority of adults are in favor of the death penalty for convicted murderers. Depending upon the exact question asked, 65 to 80% of adults are in favor of ... Free Essays on Pros And Cons Of Capitol Punishment Free Essays on Pros And Cons Of Capitol Punishment The word "capital" in "capital punishment" refers to a person's head. In the past, people were often executed by severing their head from their body. As of 2000-OCT-19, during the last decade of the 20th century, 547 prisoners were executed in the United States one third of them in Texas. Another 3,500 wait on death rows. None have been executed in Canada; that country abolished the death punishment decades ago. The United States is one of the very few industrialized countries in the world which executes criminals. It is one of the few countries in the world which executes mentally ill persons, persons with very low IQ, and child murderers. When asked whether they prefer to keep or abolish the death penalty, about 60 to 80% of American adults say that they want to retain capital punishment. Numbers vary depending upon the precise wording of the question asked by the pollsters. When asked whether they would like to see executions continue or have them replaced with a system that guaranteed: Life imprisonment with no hope for parole, ever; That the inmate would work in the prison to earn money; That the money would be directed to helping the family of the person(s) that they killed, About 60% of Americans prefer the latter system. The American Civil Liberties Union noted that in the 1960's and 1970's only a bare majority of Americans favored capital punishment. They believe that "mounting fear of crime, and the cynical manipulation of the death penalty issue by many politicians for their own political gain, led to a shift upwards." The death penalty now has broad public support in both the United States and Canada. Surveys in the US and Canada regularly show that a sizable majority of adults are in favor of the death penalty for convicted murderers. Depending upon the exact question asked, 65 to 80% of adults are in favor of ...