12th Night Essay

Did Shakespeare’s characters get what they merit? What exactly degree? Most of Shakespeare’s characters didn't get what they merited at long last, there unquestionably is a solid fragrance of treachery that lingers palpably around Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night. This, in any case, doesn't imply that it made life harder for his characters. In a significant number cases, it really leaves them happier. By and by, it is not necessarily the case that they are not rebuffed for their off-base deeds, now and again in manners that are totally unfair.Shakespeare shows us difficult truth of the foul play that exits inside humankind. On account of Malvolio, we rush to act, however not to research. We likewise discover that affection can fix numerous things, however it can likewise destroy them, as we see with Olivia, Orsino, Sebastian and Viola. Additionally, as observed through the character of Antonio, terrible things can be overlooked if an adequate deed replaces it. The sam e number of us know, humankind is notorious for their eagerness to pass judgment and act against an individual before they completely examine the circumstance; Malvolio is only one case of this.We know that Malvolio treated others in a disdainful way, â€Å"Go hang yourselves all! You are inert, shallow things; I am not of your element,† †Malvolio, Act 3 Scene 4. He never really crippled anybody; he never violated the law or wandered from his obligations. He was basically only a resentful individual and didn't have the right to be detained in a confine for anyway numerous hours of his life. I feel this was an outrageous measure and at long last, it might have exacted more displeasure and rudeness towards Sir Andrew, Sir Toby and Maria, turning around the whole impact their ‘plan’ was expected to make.When the fact of the matter was inevitably uncovered, and Malvolio liberated subsequent to confronting an invalid discipline, he was naturally angry, announcing , â€Å"I’ll be vindicated in general pack of you! † †Malvolio, Act 5 Scene 1. Maybe this was a brutal demonstration of karma, all we know is that Olivia rushed to denounce him moving forward without any more proof, demonstrating that for unequivocally that humankind is uncalled for. Twelfth Night is a lighthearted comedy, and sentimental love is the play’s primary core interest. In spite of the way that the play offers a cheerful consummation, in which the different sweethearts discover each other and are hitched, Shakespeare shows that adoration can cause pain.Many of the characters appear to see love as a sort of revile, an inclination that assaults its casualties unexpectedly and problematically. Different characters guarantee to experience the ill effects of being enamored. At a certain point, Orsino depicts love pitiably as a â€Å"appetite† that he needs to fulfill and can't, Act 1 Scene 1; at another point, he calls his wants â€Å"fell and unfeeling hounds,† Act 1 Scene 1. Olivia all the more obtusely depicts love as a â€Å"plague† from which she endures horrendously, Act 1 Scene 5. These analogies contain a component of viciousness, further composition the adoration struck as survivors of some irregular power in the universe.Even the less exaggerated Viola moans miserably that â€Å"My state is frantic for my master’s love,† Act 2 Scene 2. This urgency can possibly bring about brutality, as in Act 5 scene 1, when Orsino takes steps to murder Cesario on the grounds that he feels that Cesario has surrendered him to become Olivia’s darling. Love is additionally exclusionary: a few people accomplish sentimental satisfaction, while others don't. Toward the finish of the play, as the upbeat sweethearts observe, Malvolio is kept from having the objects of his desire.Malvolio, who has sought after Olivia, should in the long run face the acknowledgment that he is a dolt, socially undeserving of his honorable fancy woman. Love, along these lines, can't defeat all obstructions, and those whose wants go unfulfilled remain no less enamored yet feel the sting of its nonappearance considerably more harshly. Here and there throughout everyday life, we can compensate for our violations, just by carrying out good things. This is the thing that Shakespeare exhibits for us through the character of Antonio. We become cognizant that Antonio’s past is shadowed with unlawful action when he voices to Sebastian of â€Å"many his adversaries in Orsino’s court,† Act 2 Scene 3.Nevertheless, he despite everything follows Sebastian, demonstrating mental fortitude and dependability. He at that point safeguards Viola (Dressed as Cesario however indistinguishable from Sebastian) from Sir Toby and Sir Andrew, carrying himself to the consideration of the officials, who remember him from his obscure past and drag him away. However it is when Orsino sees him and Viola takes An tonio’s side, repaying the kindness he accomplished for her, that Orsino presumes that Antonio is allowed to go, demanding that he is a, â€Å"Notable pirate† and thinks about how he, â€Å"Hast made thine foes? Act 5 Scene 1. So he is absolved of the entirety of his degenerate deeds, simply in light of the fact that he was caring and showed mental fortitude and assurance. Accordingly, it is very evident that nobody in Twelfth Night really gets what the individual in question merits. Shakespeare’s plays are similarly as out of line as the world itself, maybe this is the reason we love to peruse and watch his works, we can identify with them. Twelfth Night has assisted with demonstrating me exactly how uneven life can be, yet in addition that that injustice can likewise work in support of me.

Press Releases A Blast from the Past

Public statements A Blast from the Past Advertising and advancement †the worst thing about each essayist. What works? What doesnt work? In the course of recent years, I have distributed a few childrens and center evaluation books. In 2010, blog visits and visitor presents were the route on go. It was so much fun visiting and conversing with new individuals through the web journals; particularly when it was one of the characters from my book doing the talking. My creative mind could go wild! That doesn't work any longer, nor does offering free duplicates, or facilitating a book discharge occasion on Facebook. Just a single thing has remained reliably powerful through the ever-changing occasions †public statements. The Test of Time Official statements are a relic from an earlier time, a dinosaur in the new computerized age. They were an extraordinary methods with the expectation of complimentary publicizing in days gone For instance, my significant other and I submitted public statements to the nearby papers before a book marking occasion. A larger number of guests went to that occasion than any of our past signings. We were flabbergasted at the quantity of individuals who remarked, I saw it in the paper and thought Id drop Another reward: Our people group paper requested a meeting. At the point when you live in a modest community, being a distributed essayist is enormous news! It might take some additional artfulness to get a review in a bigger paper, however it tends to be finished. Consider the subject being more than about the books discharge, and rather progressively about the effect of the book, an unusual interesting reality about how the book occurred, how the book meets a critical need, how a renowned/semi-well known individual looked into your book and what they thought. At the end of the day, the book isnt the newssomething else stunning identified with the book is. Expectation Clark, for example, utilized the reality she met her government specialist spouse over a pay off examination, which prompted the primary book in her Carolina Slade Mystery Series. She handled a component in a nearby magazine and a web recording meeting. Focus on Your Audience The key to making a public statement work is to focus on your crowd. Do you have another discharge? Have you won any honors? Does your book feature a particular area or calling? My better half composes authentic fiction about the brilliant period of flying. The setting for the story revolves around the Hudson River Valley in NY. We messaged official statements to the papers in that district, just as to avionics distributions. During the next month, he had many deals. Was it incident or did he increase some new perusers through our utilization of classic free exposure? Composing a Press Release Editors need the meat with a couple of potatoes as an afterthought. At the end of the day, your public statement ought to be short, sweet, and to the point. As a matter of first importance, the feature is the eye-catcher and necessities to catch the perusers eye. Youre an essayist and comprehend the requirement for a snare. The meat (a few short passages) needs to quickly portray what the book is about, how it identifies with the peruser or geological territory, alongside intriguing realities about the book and writer. A statement or two goes far. Go particular, one of a kind, and fresh. The end section is the source of inspiration and ought to have the writers contact data, site, and where to buy the book. You can likewise incorporate a little jpg of the spread. Notice any limits or constrained time offers. It's implied; the official statement is an impression of you as a creator and ought to be syntactically right with no incorrectly spelled words. Getting the News Out There Conveying the official statement used to be a tedious procedure. First you needed to figure out who to send it to and keep in touch with every one of your objectives. On account of official statement appropriation locales, the outstanding task at hand is currently drastically decreased. https://www.1888pressrelease.com/ https://pressexposure.com/ https://www.newswire.com/ free-press-release.com/ These destinations will send your news out far and wide, however you may in any case need to hand pick a couple of papers and periodicals all alone as explicit focuses since messages are so effortlessly erased. Regardless of how you do it, you will discover official statements are as yet a powerful advertising apparatus, and certainly justified regardless of the time and exertion.

Interpreting Causal Uncertainty Essay Sample free essay sample

Numerous surveies have been led to break down why individuals feel the way they do towards occasions or condition of affairss they see as non their generalized â€Å"norm† or encountering uncertain with respect to why individual did what they did. In a review by Gifford Weary and John A. Edwards ( 1994 ) . they characterize this uncertainness about one’s powerlessness to grok or put causal connections or causal conditions in the public eye as causal uncertainness ( CU ) . Regardless of whether you are looking to do feeling of why your closest companion does non want to make a trip out to the movies or why an outsider began addressing you in a lift. individuals have this overwhelming motivation to comprehend or ground the reason for another person’s conduct. with the goal that their response is fitting ( Weary. Tobin. A ; Edwards. 2010 ) . The examination has show that in light of the catholicity of horrible accidents known to man. for example, normal disasters. s chool shots. expires. killing. etc. it is conceivable that numerous people feel that they are non able to do satisfactorily finding the causes behind the incident of such cultural occasions ( Weary A ; Edwards. 1994 ) . They found that solitary contrasts can be evaluated by the causal uncertainness graduated table ( CUS ) ; the CUS gauges the person’s reaction to convictions ( Weary A ; Edwards. 1994 ) . The interest to get circumstances and logical results connections inside the setting of society is probably going to follow up on the conduct of certain people ( Weary A ; Edwards. 1994 ) . The powerlessness to comprehend people’s responses or dormancy or causal uncertainness side effects can occur into the sentiments of monstrosity out. awkwardness. or on the other hand spasm ( Aweary et Al. . 2010 ) . It is accepted that there are sure conditions that must be all together for a person to suffer from CU. in that there must be some uncertain emotions present whether they were brought about by the milieus. expected outcomes that were non met. or on the other hand self-discernment ( affectability ) ( Aweary et Al. . 2010 ) . All the more late research has proposed that the interior issues felt by individuals high in CU reach out to day by day contact with outsiders. familiarities and companions ( Aweary et Al. . 2010 ) . In particular. causally uncertain individuals will in general maintain a strategic distance from eye to eye discussions with outsiders. be given to be restrained and the simple collaboration with others can take individuals with CU to encounter dismissed ( Aweary et Al. . 2010 ) . Research would recommend that individuals high on the CUS will in general maintain a strategic distance from communications with outsiders as a rule at any degree or planetary uncertainness ( Douglas. 1991 ) . Past pessimistic encounters with outsiders weigh, all things considered, on how a comprehensively uncertain single cooperates with individual the primary clasp they meet. more so than just the general tension one feels during the technique of â€Å"getting to know† individual ( Douglas. 1991 ) . Fo r case. Douglas ( 1991 ) talked about that people who experience higher degrees of planetary uncertainness are non equipped for facilitating a consistent program on the best way to direct their practices during starting cooperations. In this manner. being awkward. mindful. what's more, missing nature in the acquaintanceship forms ( Douglas. 1991 ) . Albeit planetary uncertainness relates to the acquaintanceship designs ( discussions ) and causal uncertainness is applied to cultural condition of affairss. look into laborers can battle that comparative result are obvious with tension. awkwardness. or on the other hand powerlessness to recognize cultural prompts ( Douglas. 1991 ) . The purpose of the study is to have the option to look into potential records for causal uncertainness and the encounters felt while oppugning why individual did or did non make what was normal. fail to acquire the answer or the powerlessness to grok. Orchestrating to Weary and Edwards’s ( 1994 ) . causal uncertainness sentiments start when people see that there is non hold satisfactory data to recognize the reason for an exceptional occasion. along these lines offering ascend to increasingly relational employments. In the event that a man does non experience that they comprehend the verifiable in reason for another person’s verbal or gestural interchanges and conduct. they are more averse to meet fruitful and healthy connections and relational associations with others and a few people will in general be increasingly down and all the more socially biting the dust ( Weary A ; Edwards. 1994 ) . Causal uncertainness is seen as emphatically connected with misery. despondenc y. what's more, uneasiness. which could entirely be findings of a negative meaning of beginning communications ( Aweary et Al. . 2010 ) . Furthermore. resulting research has other than discovered a positive connection between causal uncertainness and singularity and bashfulness ( Aweary et Al. . 2010 ) . Through this exploration it is sheltered to assume that individuals high in CU would be less compatriot. have low confirmation. also, are increasingly tense. penetrating. what's more, non inviting. Be that as it may. in certain examples the examination shows individuals with high CU will in general require association and have a regular. take gives increasingly genuine and act ungracefully ( Douglas. 1991 A ; Weary et Al. . 2010 ) . Technique ParticipantsParticipants were 108 undergrad understudies. 90 grown-up females. 19 work powers and 1 did non depict. The members are joined up with an Experimental Psychology class at The University of Texas of the Permian Basin. People run in from 18 to 56 mature ages ( Average age ( M ) = 25. 14. SD = 7. 44 ) . The ethnicity of members: 51 European-American. 5 Afro-american. 46 Hispanic/Latino. 5 European-American A ; Hispanic/Latino. 1 Native-American. 1 Afro-american A ; Hispanic/Latino. what's more, 1 did non portray. Cooperation was intentional and all reactions were assembled during customary class gatherings. A questioning public statement followed. Measures To quantify causal uncertainness. the causal uncertainness graduated table is a 14 point self-report graduated table intended to quantify ceaseless single contrasts in the quality and frequence of causal uncertainness convictions ( Weary A ; Edwards. 1994 ) . Members demonstrate on a six-guide graduated table toward which they unequivocally concur ( 1 ) to firmly vary ( 6 ) with 14 explanations partner to their trepidation of cause and result connections in the public eye. The Causal Uncertainty graduated table ( CUS ) is a stage of interminable single contrasts in causal uncertainness convictions. for representation. â€Å"I do non cognize the stuff to gain alongside others† . â€Å"When I witness something great to other people. I regularly do non cognize why it happened† . what's more, â€Å"I every now and again do non experience I have satisfactory data to go to a choice regarding why things happen to me† ( Weary A ; Edwards. 1994 ) . The whole imprint is ac quired by adding the single point tonss and the higher tonss demonstrate more noteworthy causal uncertainness. normal CUS mark = 35. 18 ( SD = 11. 83 runing from 14 1o 69. The CUS has been appeared to hold high inside consistence and constancy with a Cronbach’s alpha = . 89 ( great ) . To gauge planetary uncertainness. Douglas utilized a form of the Clatterbuck Uncertainty Evaluation Scale ( CLUES ) which is a stage of attributional confirmation. a satisfactory advance of uncertainness that has exhibited constancy and cogency. CLUES7 incorporates seven focuses like â€Å"How certain would you say you are of general capacity to anticipate how outsiders will act? How certain would you say you are of your capacity to precisely discover if an outsider preferences you? How sure would you say you are of your capacity to precisely anticipate a stranger’s values? † and 11 focuses utilized characterize starting communications. These focuses estimated participant’s perceptual encounters of collaborations with outsiders: ordinary †capricious ; shallow extraordinary ; genuine †non-genuine ; basic †composite ; adumbrate †non-close ; mindful †self-assured ; cognize the proper behavior †don’t cognize the proper behavior ; loose †tense ; lovely †terrible ; fascinating †boring ; uninvolving †influencing ( Douglas. 1991 ) . Members show on a six-guide graduated table toward which they unequivocally concur ( 1 ) to emphatically contrast ( 6 ) . Outcomes In opposition to the expectations in the speculation. a no significant correlativity was found and causal uncertainness was non identified with the participant’s perceptual encounters of starting responses. Members with higher degrees of causal uncertainness and from the data accumulated and estimated. we found that there was no correlativity between people who were not kidding versus non-genuine. R ( 108 ) = . 01. p = . 891 ; mindful and less confident during introductory collaborations. R ( 108 ) = . 14. p = . 138 ; charming versus non-wonderful: R ( 108 ) = . 11. p = . 251 ; usual way of doing things or eccentric ; R ( 108 ) = . 14. p = . 160 ; shallow versus serious: R ( 108 ) = . 05. p = . 160 ; straightforward or complex: R ( 108 ) = . 13. p = . 191 ; friend or non-personal: R ( 108 ) = . 14. p = . 140 ; cognize acceptable behavior versus don’t cognize the proper behavior: R ( 108 ) = . 13. p = . 180 ; loose or tense: R ( 108 ) = . 05. p = . 602 ; fascinating or p enetrating: R ( 108 ) = . 10. p = . 080 ; uninvolving as opposed to influencing: R ( 108 ) = . 17. p = . 080. These discoveries recommend that there was no correlativity of causal uncertainness and people’s perceptual experience of beginning responses given that for every one of the 11 meanings of introductory cooperation. the entirety of the participant’s P esteems were more prominent than. 05 ( P gt ; 0. 05 ) . which means no significant correlativity. Conversation The goal of this overview was to look into how causal uncertainness impacts the way where people characterize beginning collaborations with different people. Not reliable with our theories. we found that causally uncertain individual’s perceptual experience of introductory collaborations may or may non be more unusual than do people bring down in causal u

Agriculture, Solution to Nigerian economy Essay

Farming is one of Nigeria’s most incredible assets in tending to its objectives of making greater work, better general wellbeing, and more noteworthy financial development. The change of farming would animate little and medium-sized enterprises that are in certainty the motor of monetary development. The need to concentrate on farming stems from the way that the segment represents 70 percent of the individuals in the provincial regions, the developing interest for nourishment and, all the more significantly, the around 44 percent commitment of horticulture to Nigeria’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). So as to accomplish financial change, it would require more interests in farming innovative work and the improvement of foundation. Nigeria needs to assemble its barrier against natural dangers to crops similarly as is being accomplished for the military. Agribusiness in Nigeria in ongoing decades has been an ignored segment and the increases have been obliged by powerless fo undations and insufficient framework. These imperatives are notable, less known are the constrained utilization of advancements, the low expertise base in the area, and its maturing populace. The youthful are escaping provincial territories and the creation side of the segment. Thus, budgetary foundations see the rural division as dangerous tending to thus it gets a little bit of business credit. Getting the youthful intrigued by horticulture and building up a strong money related framework to encourage the entrance of ranchers, dealers, and processors to credit could go far in a few national needs. Exertion ought to be made in Nigeria to rely less upon advancement accomplices, to move from relative horticultural creation to serious creation, to improve human capital, and to take advantage of the immense HR accessible †the adolescents †for improvement. Government ought to likewise put forth attempts in repositioning farming as a main player for Nigeria’s development and advancement. The change of agribus iness would carry numerous advantages to the nation. Such advantages could remember the decrease for the degree of joblessness and preservation of outside trade, among others.

Cultural Constraints The Uses of Archetypes in Like Water for Chocolate, Roofops of Tehran, and Purple Hibiscus - Literature Essay Samples

Every culture has unique social tradition placed upon their ancestors for many generations. These social constraints force their people to adhere to the same set of boundaries because it is deemed as proper and acceptable. These constraints often make it hard for evolving as a society and create unfair limitations for the young and especially the females in their society. Writers, often forced into the brunt of these constraints, developed a new genre with an end goal to try and encourage political and social change. These writers highlight the huge issues that are deemed unjust or abusive in each society to promote social awareness. Often a predictable formula is used to show every unique aspect of how people can be oppressed by their society. It starts with a perpetrator, the person or people who are doing the harm, then it shows how an individual is victimized by these overbearing authority figures and their failure to rebel, next a character who incites rebellion is introduced to show how change can happen, and lastly a preserver, often the main character, who goes through victimization and rebellion, yet ends up making the greatest difference while preserving the distinctive qualities of their culture. Three writers: Laura Esquivel from Mexico, Mahbod Seraji from Iran, and Chimamanda Adichie from Nigeria in their respective novels prove that this formula is nonspecific to a culture. Like Water for Chocolate, Rooftops of Tehran, and Purple Hibiscus harness these archetypes to highlight and promote social change in their societies and inspire readers across all cultures to do the same. Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel has a main perpetrator in Mamma Elena. She holds her daughters to the cultural constraints that her family set many generations ago. For Gertrudis and Rosaura, while they are constrained to marry people her mother approves of and sets up for them, they do not bear the brunt of the oppression. For Tita, however, being the youngest means she is destined to take care of her mother until the day she dies and never marry or find love. This is portrayed when Mamma Elena threatens, â€Å"For generations, not a single person in my family has ever questioned this tradition, and no daughter of mine is going to be the one to start† (Esquivel 11). This is particularly constraining for Tita because she fell in love with a local man named Pablo and can’t marry him or express her love for him. Mamma Elena shows no sympathy for Tita and seeing Pablo as a viable suitor she sets Rosaura to marry him. Mamma Elena has no regard for Tita’s f eelings or wants in life and demands her to forever feed, bathe, and take care of her. Mamma Elena refuses to take Tita’s opinions and wants into consideration and is the enforcer of the cultural constraints. The highly oppressive and censored government in Rooftops of Tehran is the main perpetrator. The Savak is the government agency that goes around enforcing these cultural constraints. In Rooftops, the Savak oppresses both by raiding for censored books and by searching and imprisoning rebels. One example of their detestable acts is when they came for doctor, â€Å"The agents detest crowds witnessing the inhumane treatment of their captives. They quickly push Doctor into the car and take off† (Seraji 83). Doctor was just one of the people the Savak targeted. Pasha felt their presence during a childhood raid of his house and Zara felt their presence when she was banished and forced into hiding. This religious tradition the Savak enforces is much like the family tradition Mamma Elena constrains Tita with in Like Water for Chocolate. Unlike in Tita’s world, however, rebellion has severe consequences in this book, often the people who speak out about the wrongdoings of their g overnment pay with their life. Without the Savak enforcing these tyrannical views, Pasha would not have felt the tragedy in losing his mentor and letting go of the woman he loved. The main character Kambili gets hurt by a number of people and governing bodies, but the perpetrator in Purple Hibiscus is Eugene or Papa. Like Mamma Elena, Papa grew up with an harsh and strict background. His childhood was during the era when coups and government instability plagued Nigeria. Rooftops of Tehran also had a tyrannical government where people were captured or imprisoned for speaking against their ways. Eugene left to England to do much of his schooling and came back with western religion and ideals. These ideals are the way he constraints his family. Papa forces his children to perfection in every way and is so reliant on tradition that if broken he punishes them severely. His children and wife are not sheltered from beatings and verbal abuse. Papa even goes so far as to hospitalize Mamma, â€Å"We stood at the landing and watched Papa descend. Mama was slung over his shoulder like the jute sacks of rice his factory workers bought in bulk at the Seme Border† (Ad ichie 33). Jaja broke this routine of expected perfection when he refused to take offering at mass. Papa puts God above everything else so to him this was a personal attack. Papa refuses to accept the Nigerian culture and even purposefully changes his action to reflect a more British upbringing when talking to people of lighter skin or authority figures. He holds his children to this standard and is unbending in his rule. Mamma Elena victimizes all of her children in Like Water for Chocolate, but the one who is constrained the most is Rosaura. Rosaura is victimized when Mamma Elena forces her to betray her sister and marry Pablo. Instead of staying true to her sister and trying to get out of marrying him, she accepts her mothers ruling. Rosaura becomes jealous of Tita and Pablo’s true love and is mean and deceitful to her. She doesn’t think Tita should still be in love with Pablo because he is married to her. Rosaura refuses to see Tita’s side in the story and how she truly was the victim. This leads to Rosaura’s awful end. Her death is described by John when he says, â€Å"he found Rosaura, her lips purple, body deflated, eyes wild, with a distant look, sighing out her last flatulent breath. John’s diagnosis was an acute congestion of the stomach† (Esquivel 233). She allowed bitterness and hatred to define her and in the end she was left lonely and empty save from gas. Another book where characters are victimized is in Rooftops of Tehran, especially through the story of Doctor. Doctor was multifaceted in his need to commit rebellion but also his love for his friends and family. The SAVAK punished him severely before he was able to fully make a difference, in the end making him the victim in the story. Unlike Rosaura in Like Water for Chocolate, Doctor mentored Pasha through the most essential developing years of his life and taught him through books and friendship the art of being open minded. Rosaura had the potential to be a similar character for Tita, but let jealousy and competition overrun their sibling bond. While Doctor truly cared about Pasha and being his friend, his desire to instigate social change often took precedence. The last summer Pasha saw Doctor, he told Pasha he was leaving to go educate farmers in rural regions. The SAVAK supposedly caught him planning with a terrorist group to blow up a dam, however. The policing organization tracked him down, dragged him away, and they never saw Doctor again. The SAVAK showed up weeks later to talk to Zari’s family. The situation is explained by Faheemah, â€Å"They want them to pay for the bullet†¦ Doctor’s bullet† (Seraji 128). Doctor was stopped before he could achieve the social change he so desperately sought for the nation. The SAVAK made him the ultimate victim, but Doctor’s death spurred both Zari and Pasha to push even harder against their tyrannical government. Just like in the other two novels, the perpetrator hurts many people in Purple Hibiscus, but the character most constrained by Papa’s oppression is Mamma. She doesn’t mean to anger her husband, but Eugene sees little actions as personal attacks against himself or God. He refuses to accept anything less than perfect Western ideals and religion. For example, when Mamma was sick due to her pregnancy and didn’t want to see the Pastor after mass. She didn’t mean to be sick or disappoint Eugene, but he refused to sympathize. For most of the book, Mamma didn’t understand the unhealthy relationship she was in, and often pretended like nothing was wrong. For example, when upset or hurt Mamma would go and polish her figurines or the case they were in, avoiding the problems. â€Å"Mamma stood hugging herself in the center of the living room†¦ Mamma started at the lowest layer, polishing both the shelf and the figurines† (Adichie 35). This demonstra tes her lack of hope, she couldn’t even deal with the abuse that she avoided the subject of it. Eventually, we see a change in Mamma. The years of abuse finally add up for her and all hope for her future is lost. Realizing this Mamma works up the courage to poison Eugene and joins the rebellion in her household. This dual archetype is similar to Doctor in Rooftops of Tehran. Showing that characters can rebel and still be broken down to a simple victim. In Like Water for Chocolate, rebellion is the only way for Gertrudis to escape the suffocating presence of Mamma Elena. For years Gertrudis was oppressed emotionally and sexually by her mother through her traditions. She never had the chance to grow and develop at a healthy pace because her mother was controlling her. This oppression finally became too much and Gertrudis committed the ultimate act of rebellion. The scent of her fiery energy attracted a rebel general and he picked her up, â€Å"Without slowing his gallop, so as not to waste a moment, he leaned over, put his arm around her waist, and lifted her onto the horse in front of him, face to face, and carried her away† (Esquivel 55-56). Gertrudis was less dynamic than Tita in her rebellion, however. She rebelled to save herself from the constraints of her mother, while rebelled for the sake of future generations. Gertrudis achieved freedom and expressed her sexual desires without worry of disaproval from Mamma Elena, ma king her the true symbol of rebellion. Through her unfaltering defiance of the government, even at the sake of her own freedom, Zari is the true rebel in Rooftops of Tehran. When Doctor is killed by the SAVAK, Zari goes through a developing period. She realizes all the problems the government has and can’t stay quiet about them any longer. She tries to save Pasha from the pain by telling him to not get attached to her, but he is already too in love with her to care. Zari’s passions and hatred for the tyrannical leader the Shah come to a climax at the public event for his birthday. Zari decides to make a public statement and brings gasoline and a match with her. When the Shah’s vehicle comes close to them, â€Å"Zari runs out into the street, lights a match, and sets herself on fire† (Seraji 215). This last moment of rebellion was for the 40th day anniversary of Doctor’s death. The SAVAK made the situation worse by not allowing Doctor’s friends and family to mourn his death but des troying evidence of his birth because they saw him as a traitor. Zari’s rebellion sets a precedence of change for Pasha and their friends. No longer can they sit by and allow the SAVAK to control them, they must fight. Zari loses her freedom and is banished to secrecy in another area for her crimes, but she felt she rectified the maltreatment of Doctor by the SAVAK. Zari commits the act of rebellion that is the catalyst for the social change sought for by Pasha. Jaja’s rebellion in Purple Hibiscus was more understated than Zari’s, but still essential for defying the oppressor’s power. Jaja was less radical in his rebellion, taking years for him to muster up more than just disobeying his father. Jaja’s journey to rebellion matched the fighting going on in Nigeria after the military coup. When Ade Coker, a newspaper editor who printed articles questioning the new government, died in a fiery explosion in his home. This explosion was the turning point for both the countrys rebellion and Jaja’s. Jaja developed and aided by visits with forward thinking Aunty Ifeoma started noticing the tyranny not just beginning in the country, but in his own home. He noticed that Aunty treated her children well, and instead of oppression and strict rule, they advocated for communication and love. Jaja’s first moment of defiance that instigated the war in their home was when he openly refused to take Eucharist at mass with Papa Eugene watching. Papa saw this as the greatest form of disrespect and was so angry that after mass, â€Å"Papa flung his heavy missal across the room and broke the figures on the à ©tagà ¨re† (Adichie 3). This small act of rebellion was the first time Papa ever felt resistance by his family. Jaja’s rebellion mixed with the want to be like Aunty Ifeoma’s family was the catalyst for the breakdown of their family parallel to the breakdown of the country. The person who works through the constraints to preserve her culture in Like Water for Chocolate is Tita. Out of the three sisters, she is the most constrained by Mamma Elena. She does not let this stop her from fighting her mother’s antifeminist traditional ways, however. Mamma Elena wants to force Tita to stay at home, never marry or be educated, and take care of her until the day she dies. This keeps Tita away from the man she fell in love with, Pablo. Through forging her own path even at the expense of her relationship with her mother, Tita was truly able to make a difference not just for her own life, but for the next generation. Esperanza, Rosaura and Pablo’s daughter, was set to follow in the same footsteps as Tita, both being the youngest daughters. Rosaura planned to force Esperanza to stay home, Tita never stopped fighting against this and even got Esperanza an education and artistic training. Finally, Tita achieved her final goal in allowing Esperanza to beco me who she wants, â€Å"How proud she felt to see Esperanza so self-confident, so intelligent, so perfectly prepared, so happy, so capable, and at the same time, so feminine and womanly, in the fullest sense of the world† (Esquivel 240). Tita proves herself to be the greatest catalyst to implementing social change in her outdated family traditions. In the end, by being true to herself and allowing her femininity to flourish, Tita achieves happiness for herself, and breaks the cycle for generations to come. Pasha’s character in Rooftops of Tehran takes a similar journey to Tita’s in Like Water for Chocolate. Both go through life being victimized but rebel not just for themselves, but for the good of others and their culture, making them the preservers in their respective novels. Pasha goes through many hardships in life due to the tyrannical government agency the SAVAK, but is made stronger in his resolve to change things. Both Doctor and Zari mentor this feeling of rebellion in Pasha, but it isn’t until he sees what the government has done to Zari, that he is resolved in his actions. When talking to a broken Zari after he finds out she’s alive but banished by the Savak, Pasha finally comes to terms with leaving for awhile. Ahmad pushes him for it as well saying, â€Å"You’ll go away for a while, study at the finest university in the States, and come back an educated man† (Seraji 309). He needs to go to the U.S. and become a filmmaker to show Ir an to the rest of the world. Zari’s family is to be exiled, but he will come back for her and come back to Iran an educated many. He even tells his family he may write a book about what happened, perhaps a social commentary pushing for change from the people in their society. Pasha has worked through the constraints placed on his family and friends and grown from them to help save the culture he loves, making him the ultimate preserver. Similar to all three of the preservers in these novels, Kambili in Purple Hibiscus was developing as a teenager. Kambili did not learn the joys and value of her own culture because she grew up in such a western household. Papa Eugene taught her that Nigerian culture was barbaric and below them. Papa’s refusal to accept Nigerian culture led her to be estranged for much of her family including her tribal grandfather. Kambili began spending more time with Aunty Ifeoma, however, and her ideals of what culture truly meant began to change. Kambili saw the best of both worlds when she was with Aunty. They are educated and by no means lower class, but still appreciate and remember the indigenous culture of their ancestors. Kambili realized that she did not have to choose a culture, and that both belonged to her. This realization is evident in the main symbol in the book, the Purple Hibiscus. When Jaja first noticed it, he exclaimed, â€Å"I didn’t know there were purple hibisc uses† (Adichie 128).This flower is a cross breed that would not exist without two separate breeds working together to make a more beautiful and revered flower. The purple hibiscus is essential in the development of both Jaja and Kambili into their realization that Papa Eugene was not always right. Kambili realizes that her culture should not be rejected, and Aunty Ifeoma’s family is proof that western education and Nigerian cultural practices complement each other. These three books demonstrate the archetypes that emerge in social commentaries with a coming of age spin. Each character in the novel goes through terrible injustices, depending on how they respond and change to these labels them as the perpetrator, Victims, rebels, and preservers. This is prominent in real life as well. Every person especially young adults, as seen in most of these novels, goes through hardships. What a person chooses to get out of it is a direct choice for their archetype. We are all products of our upbringing, but even some characters who were abused or put under the same social constraints as their parents chose to not apply them to the next generation. This is truly the real world application. Each person must not choose to lay their personal battles on their children or young people, but break the cycle and become stronger and emotionally sure. Social commentaries allow the reader to see the psychological journey of all 4 archetypes. We can see that preserving culture while still rebelling to solve the problems within it, is the most rewarding. Bibliography Adiche, Chimamanda Ngozi. Purple Hibiscus. North Carolina: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 2003. Print. Esquivel, Laura. Like Water for Chocolate. New York: Random House, 1992. Print. Seraji, Mahbod. Rooftops of Tehran. New York: New American Library, 2009. Print.

How do corporate governance mechanisms influence firm performances - Free Essay Example

Corporate governance has become a major topic of debate and policy development in the worlds of business, politics, and academia, in the UK and throughout the world. These debates and policy outcomes have important implications not only for business, but the wider economy and society. Recent events of the financial crisis exposed material shortcomings in the governance and risk management of firms, particularly within the financial sector Led to the development of Walker Review provides the basis for the analysis. Critical Areas of Corporate Governance Role of Board of Directors Compensation issues Monitoring by outside majority shareholders All above are solutions that help to mitigate conflicts of interests see agency costs. Key Literature: Public Policy In order to improve corporate governance practices and the efficiency of corporate governance mechanisms, a number of initiatives have been developed in recent years to enhance the transparency and quality of corporate financial and non-financial disclosure, to increase levels of shareholder engagement, to improve the effectiveness and accountability of boardrooms, and to foster a long-term investment culture. Outline developments of codes e.g. Cadbury Code, Walker Review etc The academic literature suggests that information flows are a fundamental prerequisite, cornerstone, or driver of corporate governance and that in turn the informational environment of the firm affects strategy and performance. The starting point for most analysis is that information asymmetry (Akerlof 1980) is pervasive in firms and has negative effects in terms of uncertainty, adverse selection, moral hazard, and opportunism. In turn, this leads to higher transaction costs, the false pricing of asset s, the misallocation of resources, and lower liquidity. Because of market failures and fears of competitive disadvantage, the state has intervened with laws to make firms disclose. Agency Conflicts Perhaps not surprisingly, no universally accepted consensus exists as to what good corporate governance means. The economics and finance literature is focused on the problems of agency relations between shareholders and managers which result from the separation of ownership and control, particularly in large corporations. Information asymmetry Akerlof (1980) Berle-Means (1932) paradigm. Board of Directors Agency theory: This stream of research identifies situations in which shareholders and managers goals are likely to diverge and examines mechanisms that can mitigate managers self-serving behaviour (Shleifer and Vishny 1997). Boards of directors described as the apex of the internal control system (Jensen 1993: 862) Boards core function as a monitoring and control mechanism, A review of corporate governance literature reveals that a conflict of goals between a firms CEO and its shareholders typically revolves around three main underlying issues: CEO compensation, risk to the firm, and corporate control. Board Composition and performance Agency theory which addresses inefficiencies that arise from the separation of ownership and control (Fama 1980; Fama and Jensen 1983;Jensen and Meckling 1976) High engangement in Board processes Board Independence From the agency theory perspective, boards of directors (and particularly independent or outside members) are put in place to monitor managers on behalf of shareholders (Lynall et al. 2003) Consistent with agency theory, a board comprised of independent directors (e.g., board members who are not dependent on the current CEO or organisation) is more likely to provide an effective oversight of the firms CEO and other executive directors. Independent directors are generally believed to be more effective in protecting shareholders interests, resulting in higher firm performance (Baysinger and Butler 1985; Baysinger and Hoskisson 1990). Separate CEO and Chairman Many researchers believe that the dual board leadership structure seriously compromises the independence of the board. The tenets of agency theory would suggest that such centralised leadership authority will lead to management domination of the board and result in poor performance (Fama 1980; Fama and Jensen 1983; Lorsh and MacIver1989; Molz 1988; Shleifer and Vishny 1997). Education/experience More recent resource-d ependence, behavioural and socio-cognitive views on corporate boards have extended agency research by suggesting that pro-active behaviour by non-executive directors depends not only on the extent of board independence, but also on the strategic perspective and base of experience they bring to the organisation. (Carpenter 2002; Carpenter and Westphal 2001) In addition to control functions, the board may also play service and strategic roles in the decision making process (Pfeffer 1972; Pfeffer and Salancik 1978; Provan 1980), Pye (2001) suggests that in order to add value to the board, non-executive directors are expected to bring a background of executive experience of running other firms. Boards that are composed of lawyers, financial representatives, top management of other firms, public affairs specialists, etc. may be more effective in terms of bringing important expertise, experience and skills to facilitate advice and counsel. This research emphasises that board s tructural characteristics (e.g., the proportion of independent directors, separate CEO and Chairperson) are less relevant compared to the quality of the boards cumulative human capital. A number of studies argue that board diversity in terms of directors professional experiences should lead to more efficient service/expertise/counsel roles of the board and, as a result, to better performance (Carpenter 2002; Baysinger and Butler 1985; Baysinger and Hoskisson 1990; Kaplan and Reishus 1990; Wagner et al. 1998; Westphal 1999). Board Size Walker Review Bank board sizes have risen disproportionately in recent years. In achieving the desired balance between expertise and independence, the board size should not be obliged to expand when the recruitment of financial industry expertise is deemed not to be independent. Contrasting views Larger boards will be associated with higher levels of firm performance (Dalton et al. 1999; Pfeffer 1972; Pfeffer and Salancik 1978; Provan 1 980). Daily et al.(2002), and Daily and Dalton (1992; 1994) find positive effect of board size on financial performance in large samples of firms in the USA. Golden Zajac (2001) and Andres Vallelado (2008) find a non-linear (inverted U-shape) relationship between board size and firm performance. However, agency researchers are more sceptical about the effects of board size on the monitoring capacity of independent directors (Jensen 1993). When boards become too big, agency problems (such as director free-riding) increase within the board, and it becomes more symbolic and less part of the management process (Hermalin and Weisbach 2003). Yermack (1996) reports that there is a significant negative relationship between board size and Tobins Q. Judge and Zeithaml (1992) report that large boards are less likely to be involved in strategic decision making, a finding also supported by Goodstain and Boeker (1991). Thus organisational outcomes of board size remain an empirica l issue. Tenure (Directors Contract length) Age Boeker (1992), Pfeffer (1983) and Finkelstein and Hambrick (1996) argue that greater tenure of board members is associated with greater rigidity, increased commitment to established practices and procedures, and increased insulation towards new ideas. However, Hambrick and Mason (1984) and Hambrick and DAveni (1992) suggest that longer tenure provides directors with much more comprehensive access to a richer stock of remembered information, relative to what novice can access. Golden and Zajac (2001) in their study of strategic change in U.S. hospital find a curvilinear relationship between the average tenure and strategic restructuring: as average board member tenure increases, its effect on strategic change is positive for boards with lower levels of tenure, and negative for boards with higher levels of tenure. Generally, existing research considers board diversity and limits on board members tenure and age as good corporate governance drivers. Share Ownership institutional investors A large number of studies grounded in agency theory suggest that large-block shareholders have both the incentive and influence to assure that managers and directors operate in the interests of shareholders (Daily et al. 2003). Therefore, their presence among the firms investors provides an important driver of good corporate governance that should lead to efficiency gains and improvement in performance Hoskisson et al. (1994) show that large block shareholders help mitigate against poor strategy, such as diversification, to evolve into poor performance, therefore decreasing the magnitude of restructuring. Hill and Snell (1988) find that ownership concentration is positively correlated with RD expenditures, specialization and relatedness in a sample of 94 firms in research intensive industries. Some researchers have indicated, however, that concentrated shareholding may create a tradeoff between incentives an d entrenchment (La Porta et al. 2000a; Short 1994). In particular, lack of diversification and limited liquidity mean that large shareholders are affected adversely by the companys idiosyncratic risk (Maug 1998). To compensate for this risk they may use an opportunity to collude with managers or shift wealth from minority shareholders to themselves. For example, Pound (1988) argues that large institutional investors and unaffiliated blockholders are likely to side with management (the strategic-alignment hypothesis). Likewise, blockholders may be influenced by other existing business relationships with management (the conflict-of-interest hypothesis) Ownership concentration per se may negatively affect the value of the firm when majority shareholders have a possibility to abuse their position of dominant control at expense of minority shareholders (Bebchuk 1994; Stiglitz 1985). Remuneration Executive Pay Particularly interesting in light of recent financial crisis This section is concerned with the impact that corporate governance initiatives have had on the remuneration of UK executives. Over the late 1980s and early 1990s, the levels of executive pay were felt by many to increase dramatically and unjustifiably (Smith and Szymanski 1995). Whilst the Cadbury Report (1992) made several recommendations on good practice, the general opinion was that it did not go far enough with regards to executive pay. The implementation of incentive schemes to promote shareholder value is underpinned by agency theory. Classic agency theory shows a relationship where the owners (principals) of companies, namely the shareholders, delegate the management of the company to hired persons (agents) (Jensen and Meckling 1976; Fama 1980). These agents take the form of management and in particular the higher echelons of company management, i.e. the board of directors. The separation of ownership from c ontrol leads to information asymmetries, and leaves room for self-serving opportunist behaviour by the agent (Berle and Means 1932). Within the agency theory literature, executive pay is a key mechanism for helping to minimize agency costs in order to align the incentives of managers with the interests of shareholders. (Eisenhardt 1989). In response to this and in order to recruit and retain competent executives, companies within the UK design compensation strategies to incorporate long-term incentives (Conyon et al. 2000b; Conyon 2000). These compensation strategies involve the use of two main types of incentives, namely the executive share option scheme (ESOS) and the long-term incentive plan (LTIP). The Combined Code (2003, p 12) states that: A significant proportion of executive directors pay should be structured so as to link rewards to corporate and individual performance. Lack of disclosure Financial Sector Distinguish financial sector from general firms Capital structure Banks hold illiquid assets and issue liquid liabilities thus create liquidity for the economy. Dependent Variable: Tobins Q (proxy for firm performance) Independent Variables: Board Size Board structure/composition % of independent directors Board efficiency Separation of CEO and Chairman Level of education of non-executive directors proxy for monitoring quality of board members Share ownership Remuneration stock options Risk stock price volatility Regulation financial audit Hypothesis Board size has an impact upon firm performance? Time Period Comparison sample, in order to incorporate financial crisis into empirical research Is failure in corporate governance really to blame for financial crisis 2006 Evidence of corporate governance 2007/2008 Firm Performance Lagged effect reduces problem of two way causality Regression Analysis Will regression show that corporate governance mechanisms implemented in 2006 positively/negatively affect firm performance in 2007/08? Cross-sectional regressions for UK financial sector company performance from July 2007 to December 2008 corporate governance mechanisms measured at the end of fiscal year 2006 A cross-sectional regression is a type of regression model in which the explained and explanatory variables are associated with one period or point in time.

What Makes An Action Moral Can Not Be Had Without...

A discussion of what makes an action moral can not be had without thoroughly examining the theories of Immanual Kant and John Stuart Mill. Mill bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µd that an action s consÐ µquÐ µncÐ µs dÐ µtÐ µrminÐ µ its moral worth, whilÐ µ Kant arguÐ µd that morality of thÐ µ action dÐ µpÐ µnds on thÐ µ good will. BasÐ µd on thÐ µ two contradicting thÐ µoriÐ µs abovÐ µ, this papÐ µr will support Mill s viÐ µw of thÐ µ moral worth of an action bÐ µcausÐ µ it is dÐ µtÐ µrminÐ µd by its practical and usÐ µful consÐ µquÐ µncÐ µs in our sociÐ µty. Kant’s dismissal of an action s consÐ µquÐ µncÐ µs is irrÐ µlÐ µvant to our sociÐ µty s moral valuÐ µs. ThÐ µ aim of this papÐ µr is to clÐ µarly show how Mill’s bÐ µliÐ µf to do good for all is morÐ µ appropriatÐ µ for our sociÐ µty than Kant’s principlÐ µ that it is bÐ µttÐ µr to just do what s morally right. Both Kant’s and Mill’s theories will be examined in o rder to Ð µxplain why J.S. Mill offÐ µrs a bÐ µttÐ µr guidÐ µ to moral bÐ µhavior whilÐ µ dÐ µscribing thÐ µ diffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µs hÐ µ distinguishÐ µd bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn rights and rÐ µsponsibilitiÐ µs of human bÐ µings to thÐ µmsÐ µlvÐ µs and sociÐ µty. Both philosophÐ µrs offÐ µrÐ µd a uniquÐ µ justification for their moral thÐ µories. ThÐ µy bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µd that thÐ µsÐ µ thÐ µoriÐ µs can bÐ µ usÐ µd as a foundation to Ð µstablish moral worth. Kant basÐ µd his viÐ µw of morality Ð µntirÐ µly on rÐ µason. His main thÐ µory is foundÐ µd on thÐ µ idÐ µa that any morally corrÐ µct action must possÐ µss â€Å"good will.† In othÐ µr words, a pÐ µrson, who makÐ µs his or hÐ µr dÐ µcisions on thÐ µ basis of thÐ µ moral law, is a â€Å"good† pÐ µrson. Kant clarifiÐ µs that a â€Å"good will† is not good bÐ µcausÐ µ of its